Perbedaan Jenis Kelamin dalam Menghadapi Ketakutan dan Kecemasan Covid-19
(1) STIKES Mamba ul Ulum Surakarta
(2) STIKES Mitra Husada Karanganyar
(3) STIKES Mamba ul Ulum Surakarta
(4) Magister Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Sebelas Maret
(5) STIKES Mamba ul Ulum Surakarta
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Salah satu sifat khas penyakit menular dibandingkan dengan kondisi lain adalah timbulnya rasa takut. Ketakutan dan kecemasan telah menjadi salah satu emosi yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan pandemi termasuk pendemi COVID-19. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah tinjauan secara sistematis perbedaan jenis kelamin dalam menghadapi ketakutan dan kecemasan selama pandemi COVID-19. Kajian sistematis dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan naskah penelitian dari basis data jurnal seperti Pubmed, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Preprints, dan lain-lain. Pencarian basis data dilakukan 2020–2021. Populasi= populasi umum, Intervensi= Perempuan, Comparison= laki-laki, dan Outcome= Ketakutan COVID-19 dan kecemasan COVID-19. Kata kunci pencarian artikel menggunakan “fear to COVID-19”, “FCVs and gender”, “gender and fear of COVID-19”, “gender and anxiety in COVID-19”. Kriteria inklusi, ketakutan COVID-19 diukur dengan Fear of C0VID-19 scales (FCVs), kecemasan COVID-19 diukur dengan Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Rata-rata skor ketakutan COVID-19 dan kecemasan COVID-19 lebih tinggi pada perempuan daripada laki-laki. 7 penelitian observasional menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketakutan COVID-19. Perempuan lebih berisiko mengalami kecemasan dan ketakutan COVID-19. Perempuan lebih rentan mengalami kecemasan COVID-19 dan ketakutan COVID-19 dibandingkan laki-laki.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi, Chung Ying Lin, Vida Imani, Mohsen Saffari, Mark D. Griffiths, and Amir H. Pakpour. 2020. “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
Ahuja, Kanika K., Debanjan Banerjee, Kritika Chaudhary, and Chehak Gidwani. 2021. “Fear, Xenophobia and Collectivism as Predictors of Well-Being during Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Empirical Study from India.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 67(1):46–53. doi: 10.1177/0020764020936323.
Al-Rahimi, Jehan S., Nada M. Nass, Shahira A. Hassoubah, Dhuha Y. Wazqar, and Soha A. Alamoudi. 2021. “Levels and Predictors of Fear and Health Anxiety during the Current Outbreak of COVID-19 in Immunocompromised and Chronic Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study.” PLoS ONE 16(4):1–13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250554.
Al-Shannaq, Y., Mohammad AA, and Y. Khader. 2021. “Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) Among Jordanian Adults.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00574-3.
Al Mamun, F., Gozal D, Hosen I, Misti JM, and Mamun MA. 2021. “Predictive Factors of Insomnia during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A GIS-Based Nationwide Distribution.” Sleep Medicine. doi: 10.1016/J.SLEEP.2021.04.025.
Alnazly, E., Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, and Bryant CL. 2021. “Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Fear and Social Support during COVID-19 Pandemic among Jordanian Healthcare Workers.” PLoS ONE 16(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247679.
Alsharawy, Abdelaziz, Ross Spoon, Alec Smith, and Sheryl Ball. 2021. “Gender Differences in Fear and Risk Perception During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Frontiers in Psychology 0:3104. doi: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.689467.
Alyami, Mohsen, JuliaVajda de Albuquerque, ChristianU Krägeloh, Hussain Alyami, and MarcusA Henning. 2021. “Effects of Fear of COVID-19 on Mental Well-Being and Quality of Life among Saudi Adults: A Path Analysis.” Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 9(1):24. doi: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_630_20.
Anindyajati, G., Wiguna T, Murtani BJ, Christian H, Wigantara NA, Putra AA, Hanafi E, Minayati K, Ismail RI, Kaligis F, Savitri AI, Uiterwaal CSPM, and Diatri H. 2021. “Anxiety and Its Associated Factors During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12:634585. doi: 10.3389/FPSYT.2021.634585.
Asai K, Wakashima K, Toda S, Koiwa K (2021). Fear of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among pregnant and infertile women in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 4: 100104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100104.
Ayandele, Olusola, Cristian A. Ramos-Vera, Steven K. Iorfa, Catherine O. Chovwen, and Peter O. Olapegba. 2021. “Exploring the Complex Pathways between the Fear of COVID-19 and Preventive Health Behavior among Nigerians: Mediation and Moderation Analyses.” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105(3):701–7. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0994.
Bahrami F, Yousefi N (2011). Females Are More Anxious Than Males: a Metacognitive Perspective. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 5(2): 83–90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24644451.
Baker, P., White A, and Morgan R. 2020. “Men’s Health: COVID-19 Pandemic Highlights Need for Overdue Policy Action.” Lancet (London, England) 395(10241):1886–88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31303-9.
Belen, Hacer. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 and Mental Health: The Role of Mindfulness in During Times of Crisis.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00470-2.
Bortel, Tine Van, Anoma Basnayake, Fatou Wurie, Musu Jambai, Alimamy Sultan Koroma, Andrew T. Muana, Katrina Hann, Julian Eaton, Steven Martin, and Laura B. Nellums. 2016. “Psychosocial Effects of an Ebola Outbreak at Individual, Community and International Levels.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94(3):210. doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.158543.
Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, and Rodríguez-Martin B. 2020. “Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1:1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8.
de Clercq, Dirk, Haq IU, Azeem MU, and Khalid S. 2021. “The Link between Fear about COVID-19 and Insomnia: Mediated by Economic Concerns and Psychological Distress, Moderated by Mindfulness.” Journal of Management and Organization 1–9. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2021.3.
De los Santos, JAA, and LJ Labrague. 2021. “The Impact of Fear of COVID-19 on Job Stress, and Turnover Intentions of Frontline Nurses in the Community: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Philippines.” Traumatology 27(1):52–59. doi: 10.1037/trm0000294.
de Los Santos, JAA, Labrague LJ, and Falguera CC. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19, Poor Quality of Sleep, Irritability, and Intention to Quit School among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 27(1):52–59. doi: 10.1111/PPC.12781.
Deniz, ME. 2021. “Self-Compassion, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Fear of COVID-19, and Well-Being: A Serial Mediation Investigation.” Personality and Individual Differences 177:110824. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110824.
Doshi, Dolar, Karunakar P, Sukhabogi JR, Prasanna JS, and Mahajan SV. 2020. “Assessing Coronavirus Fear in Indian Population Using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x.
Duong, CD. 2021. “The Impact of Fear and Anxiety of Covid-19 on Life Satisfaction: Psychological Distress and Sleep Disturbance as Mediators.” Personality and Individual Differences 178:110869. doi: 10.1016/J.PAID.2021.110869.
Formighieri, RC, Giordani, Giolo SR, Muhl C, Estavela AJ, and Gove JIM. 2021. “Validation of the FCV-19 Scale and Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in the Population of Mozambique, East Africa.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 14:345–54. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S298948.
Gasparro, R., Scandurra C, Maldonato NM, Dolce P, Bochicchio V, Valletta A, Sammartino G, Sammartino P, Mariniello M, Espedito A, and Marenzi G. 2020. “Perceived Job Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Italian Dentists : The Moderating Role of Fear of COVID-19.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5):5338. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155338.
Giordani, RCF, Zanoni da Silva M, Muhl C, and Giolo SR. 2020. “Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Assessing Fear of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Brazil.” Journal of Health Psychology. doi: 10.1177/1359105320982035.
Green, ZA, Noor U, Ahmed F, and Himayat L. 2021. “Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in a Sample of Pakistan’s University Students and Future Directions.” Psychological Reports. doi: 10.1177/00332941211016754.
Grover, R., Dua P, Juneja S, Chauhan L, Agarwal P, and Khurana A. 2021. “‘Depression, Anxiety and Stress’ in a Cohort of Registered Practicing Ophthalmic Surgeons, Post Lockdown during COVID-19 Pandemic in India.” Ophthalmic Epidemiology 28(4):322–29. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1846757.
Handayani, R. T., Arradini, D., Darmayanti, A. T., Widiyanto, A., & Atmojo, J. T. (2020). Pandemic Covid-19, Body Immunity Response, and Herd Immunity. Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal, 10(3), 373-380.
Handayani, R. T., Suminanto, S., Darmayanti, A. T., Widiyanto, A., & Atmojo, J. T. (2020). Conditions and Strategy for Anxiety in Health Workers at Pandemic Covid-19. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 3(3), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.32584/jikj.v3i4.682.
Hajek, Andre, Bertram F, van Rüth V, Kretzler B, Püschel K, Heinrich F, and König HH. 2021. “Prevalence and Factors Associated with Fear of COVID-19 Among Homeless Individuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the Hamburg Survey of Homeless Individuals.” Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14:2689–95. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S317039.
Haktanir, A., Seki T, and Dilmaç B. 2020. “Adaptation and Evaluation of Turkish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.” Death Studies 0(0):1–9. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026.
Hamaideh, SH, Al-Modallal H, Tanash M, and Hamdan-Mansour A. 2021. “Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Undergraduate Students during COVID-19 Outbreak and ‘Home-Quarantine.’” Nursing Open 1–9. doi: 10.1002/NOP2.918.
Hasan, M., Maliha Z, Rahman A, and Mamun MA. 2021. “Insomnia in Bangladeshi Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Behavioral Factors, COVID-19 Risk and Fear, and Mental Health Issues.” Sleep and Vigilance 1–8. doi: 10.1007/S41782-021-00161-5.
Herdyanto, Y., Nurhasan, Ardha MAA, Agustia D, Sholikhah A, Mar’atus, and Fathir LW. 2020. “Mental Health Condition During COVID-19 Pandemic in Trained and Non-Trained Adults.” Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities (IJCAH 2020) 1430–38. doi: 10.2991/ASSEHR.K.201201.242.
Hossain, MA, Jahid IK, Hossain KMA, Walton LM, Uddin Z, Haque O, Kabir F, et al. 2020. “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh.” PLoS ONE 15(9). doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0239646.
Huang, C., Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Xiaoying Gu, Zhenshun Cheng, Ting Yu, Jiaan Xia, Yuan Wei, Wenjuan Wu, Xuelei Xie, Wen Yin, Hui Li, Min Liu, Yan Xiao, Hong Gao, Li Guo, Jungang Xie, Guangfa Wang, Rongmeng Jiang, Zhancheng Gao, Qi Jin, Jianwei Wang, and Bin Cao. 2020. “Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China.” The Lancet 395(10223):497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Isralowitz, Richard, Natallia Khamenka, Vsevolod Konstantinov, and Alexander Reznik. 2021. “Fear , Depression , Substance Misuse and Related Conditions among Multi-National Medical Students at the Peak of the COVID-19 Epidemic.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 26(4):401–4. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1799521.
Kamal, N., and N. Othman. 2020. “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.” Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 37–44. doi: 10.24017/COVID.5.
Kayis, AR, Satici B, Deniz ME, Satici SA, and Mark D. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 , Loneliness , Smartphone Addiction , and Mental Wellbeing among the Turkish General Population : A Serial Mediation Model.” Behaviour & Information Technology 0(0):1–13. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2021.1933181.
Khalaf OO, Khalil MA, and Abdelmaksoud R. 2020. “Coping with Depression and Anxiety in Egyptian Physicians during COVID-19 Pandemic.” Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University 27(1):63. doi: 10.1186/S43045-020-00070-9.
Khawam, E., Khouli H, and Pozuelo L. 2020. “Treating Acute Anxiety in Patients with COVID-19.” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 87(5):1–4. doi: 10.3949/CCJM.87A.CCC016.
Khoodoruth, MAS, Al-Nuaimi SK, Al-Salihy Z, Ghaffar A, Khoodoruth WNC, and Ouanes S. 2021. “Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes among Medical Residents Exposed to COVID-19.” BJPsych Open 7(2):e52. doi: 10.1192/BJO.2021.12.
Kubb, C., and HM Foran. 2020. “Measuring COVID-19 Related Anxiety in Parents : Psychometric Comparison of Four Different Inventories.” JMIR Ment Health 7(12):e24507. doi: 10.2196/24507.
Lathabhavan, R., and S. Vispute. 2021. “Examining the Mediating Effects of Stress on Fear of COVID-19 and Well-Being Using Structural Equation Modeling.” Int J Ment Health Addict 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00541-y.
Li, J., Yang Z, Qiu H, Wang Y, Jian L, Ji J, and Li K. 2020. “Anxiety and Depression among General Population in China at the Peak of the COVID-19 Epidemic.” World Psychiatry 19(2):249–50. doi: 10.1002/WPS.20758.
Lin, CY, Hou WL, Mamun MA, Aparecido da Silva J, Broche-Pérez Y, Ullah I, Masuyama A, Wakashima K, Mailliez M, Carre A, Chen YP, Chang KC, Kuo YJ, Soraci P, Scarf D, Broström A, Griffiths MD, and Pakpour AH. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) across Countries: Measurement Invariance Issues.” Nursing Open 8(4):1892–1908. doi: 10.1002/NOP2.855.
Lopes, B., C. Bortolon, and R. Jaspal. 2020. “Paranoia, Hallucinations and Compulsive Buying during the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in the United Kingdom: A Preliminary Experimental Study.” Psychiatry Research 293:113455. doi: 10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2020.113455.
Mahmood QK, Jafree SR, and Qureshi WA. 2020. “The Psychometric Validation of FCV19S in Urdu and Socio-Demographic Association with Fear in the People of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( KPK ) Province in Pakistan.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00371-4.
Mahmud, S., Talukder MU, and Rahman, M. 2021. “Does ‘ Fear of COVID-19 ’ Trigger Future Career Anxiety ? An Empirical Investigation Considering Depression from COVID-19 as a Mediator.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 67(1):35–45. doi: 10.1177/0020764020935488.
Malik, S., Ullah I, Irfan M, Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, and Pakpour AH. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 and Workplace Phobia among Pakistani Doctors : A Survey Study.” BMC Public Health (21):1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10873-y.
Mekhemar, M., Attia S, Dörfer C, and Conrad J. 2021. “The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dentists in Germany.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 10:1008. doi: 10.3390/JCM10051008.
Mellström, Ulf. 2020. “COVID-19, Masculinity and Risk/at Risk.” International Journal for Masculinity Studies 15(2):94–96. doi: 10.1080/18902138.2020.1762307.
Mertens, G., Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, and Engelhard IM. 2020. “Fear of the Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ): Predictors in an Online Study Conducted in March 2020.” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 74(April):102258. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
Midorikawa, H., Miyuki Aiba, Adam Lebowitz, Takaya Taguchi, Yuki Shiratori Id, Takafumi Ogawa, Asumi Takahashi Id, and Sho Takahashi. 2021. “Confirming Validity of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Japanese with a Nationwide Large- Scale Sample.” (September 2020):1–13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246840.
Mistry, SK, Ali ARMM, Akther F, Yadav UN, and Harris MF. 2021. “Exploring Fear of COVID-19 and Its Correlates among Older Adults in Bangladesh.” Globalization and Health 17:47.
Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. 2020. “Assessing the Anxiety Level of Iranian General Population during COVID-19 Outbreak.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 51:102076. doi: 10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102076.
Montano, RLT, and Acebes KML. 2020. “Covid Stress Predicts Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms of Filipino Respondents.” International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 9(4):78–103. doi: 10.20525/IJRBS.V9I4.773.
Morales-Rodríguez, FM. 2021. “Fear, Stress, Resilience and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 in Spanish University Students.” Sustainability. 13(11):5824. doi: 10.3390/SU13115824.
Nguyen, HT, Do BN, Pham KM, Kim GB, and Dam HTB. 2020. “Fear of COVID-19 Scale — Associations of Its Scores with Health Literacy and Health-Related Behaviors among Medical Students.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:4164. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114164.
Pappas, G., Kiriaze IJ, Giannakis P, and Falagas ME. 2009. “Psychosocial Consequences of Infectious Diseases.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection : The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 15(8):743–47. doi: 10.1111/J.1469-0691.2009.02947.X.
Parisi R, Lagomarsino F, Rania N, Coppola I (2021). Women Face to Fear and Safety Devices During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Impact of Physical Distancing on Individual Responsibility, Intimate, and Social Relationship. Front Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.622155.
Parlapani, E., Holeva V, Voitsidis P, Blekas A, Gliatas I, Porfyri GN, Golemis A, Papadopoulou K, Dimitriadou A, Chatzigeorgiou AF, Bairachtari V, and Skoupra M. 2020. “Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece.” Front Psychiatry 11:1–17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821.
Porter, C., Favara M, Hittmeyer A, Scott D, Sánchez Jiménez A, Ellanki R, Woldehanna T, Duc LT, Craske MG, and Stein A. 2021. “Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms of Young People in the Global South: Evidence from a Four-Country Cohort Study.” BMJ Open 11(4):e049653. doi: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2021-049653.
Rahman, MA, Hoque N, Alif SM, Salehin M, Islam SMS, Banik B, Sharif A, Nazim NB, Sultana F, and Cross W. 2020. “Factors Associated with Psychological Distress, Fear and Coping Strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia.” Globalization and Health 16:95. doi: 10.1186/S12992-020-00624-W.
Rejo, R., Arradini, D., Darmayanti, A. T., Widiyanto, A., & Atmojo, J. T. (2020). Factors Related to the Depression of Health Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 3(4), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.32584/jikj.v3i4.682.
Reznik, A., Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Khamenka N, and Isralowitz R. 2020. “COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe : Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3.
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, and Falla D. 2020. “Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression.” Front Psychol 11:591797. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797.
Rubin GJ, Potts HWW, Michie S. 2010. “The Impact of Communications about Swine Flu (Influenza A H1N1v) on Public Responses to the Outbreak: Results from 36 National Telephone Surveys in the UK.” Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 14(34):183–266. doi: 10.3310/HTA14340-03.
Salehi, L., Rahimzadeh M, Molaei E, Zaheri H, and Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh S. 2020. “The Relationship among Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 , Pregnancy Experience , and Mental Health Disorder in Pregnant Women : A Structural Equation Model.” Brain Behav 10(11):e01835. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1835.
Sallam, M., Dababseh D, Yaseen A, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, Eid H, Ababneh NA, Bakri FG, and Mahafzah A. 2020. “COVID-19 Misinformation: Mere Harmless Delusions or Much More? A Knowledge and Attitude Cross-Sectional Study among the General Public Residing in Jordan.” PloS One 15(12). doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0243264.
Saravanan, C., Mahmoud I, Elshami W, and Taha MH. 2020. “Knowledge , Anxiety , Fear , and Psychological Distress About COVID-19 Among University Students in the United Arab Emirates.” Front Psychiatry 11:1–10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582189.
Siddique, RF, Ahmed O, and Hossain KN. 2021. “Relationship between the Fear of COVID-19 Disease and Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Stress.” Heliyon 7(5):e07033. doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E07033.
Sim, K., Chan YH, Chong PN, Chua HC, and Soon SW. 2010. “Psychosocial and Coping Responses within the Community Health Care Setting towards a National Outbreak of an Infectious Disease.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 68(2):195. doi: 10.1016/J.JPSYCHORES.2009.04.004.
Singh RP, Javaid M, Kataria R, Tyagi M, Haleem A, and Suman R. 2020. “Significant Applications of Virtual Reality for COVID-19 Pandemic.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 14(4):661–64. doi: 10.1016/J.DSX.2020.05.011.
Sit, SM, Lam TH, Lai AY, Wong BY, Wang MP, and Ho SY. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 and Its Associations with Perceived Personal and Family Benefits and Harms in Hong Kong.” Translational Behavioral Medicine 11(3):793–801. doi: 10.1093/TBM/IBAB018.
Steimer, Thierry. 2002. “The Biology of Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors.” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 4(3):231. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/TSTEIMER.
Suminanto, S., Widiyanto, A., Darmayanti, A. T., Arradini, D., Handayani, R. T., & Atmojo, J. T. (2021). Meta Analysis: Potential Age and Gender Factors Against Depression Events in the Pandemic Time Covid-19. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 4(2), 281-288.
Šuriņa, S., Martinsone K, Perepjolkina V, Kolesnikova J, Vainik U, Ruža A, Vrublevska J, Smirnova D, Fountoulakis KN, and Rancans E. 2021. “Factors Related to COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors: A Structural Equation Model.” Frontiers in Psychology 12. doi: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.676521.
Sürme, Y., Özmen N, and BE Arik. 2021. “Fear of COVID-19 and Related Factors in Emergency Department Patients.” Int J Ment Health Addict 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00575-2.
Tsipropoulou, V., Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, and Nasika Z. 2020. “Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of FCV-19S.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00319-8.
Uzunova, G., Pallanti S, and Hollander E. 2021. “Presentation and Management of Anxiety in Individuals with Acute Symptomatic or Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection, and in the Post-COVID-19 Recovery Phase.” International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 25(2):115–31. doi: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1887264.
Wakashima, K., Asai K, Kobayashi D, and Koiwa K. 2020. “The Japanese Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale : Reliability , Validity , and Relation to Coping Behavior.” (September):1–14. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241958.
Wang, C., Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, Choo FN, Tran B, Ho R, Sharma VK, and Ho C. 2020. “A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China.” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 87:40. doi: 10.1016/J.BBI.2020.04.028.
Wright, LJ, Williams SE, and van Zanten JJCSV. 2021. “Physical Activity Protects Against the Negative Impact of Coronavirus Fear on Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Front Psychol 12:580511. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.580511.
Wu, X., Nazari N, and Griffiths MD. 2021. “Using Fear and Anxiety Related to COVID-19 to Predict Cyberchondria : Cross-Sectional Survey Study.” J Med Internet Res 23(6):e26285. doi: 10.2196/26285.
Yadav, UN, Yadav OP, Singh DR, Ghimire S, Rayamajhee B, Mistry SK, Rawal LB, Ali ARMM, Tamang MK, and Mehta S. 2021. “Perceived Fear of COVID-19 and Its Associated Factors among Nepalese Older Adults in Eastern Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study.” PLOS ONE 16(7):e0254825. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0254825.
Yehudai, M., Bender S, Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Reznik A, and Isralowitz R. 2020. “COVID-19 Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Misuse Conditions Among University Social Work Students in Israel and Russia.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1. doi: 10.1007/S11469-020-00360-7.
Zhang W, Dhirendra P, Rui S, Jie L, Jingwen L, Xiansheng Z, Yunfei Z, and Bin Z. 2020. “Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) for Anxiety Due to Fear of COVID-19 Infection: A Case Series.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 16:2669. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S276203.
Zolotov Y, Reznik A, Bender S, and Isralowitz R. 2020. “COVID-19 Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Use Among Israeli University Students.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020 1–7. doi: 10.1007/S11469-020-00351-8.
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 834 timesPDF - 251 times
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/jkj.9.4.2021.753-770
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
PPNI Univ. Muhammadiyah Semarang
Jl. Kedungmundu Raya No. 18 Semarang Gedung NRC University of Muhammadiyah Semarang
Phone: 02476740287
Fax: 02476740287
Email: [email protected]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.