Upaya Resistensi pada Rezim Represif melalui Sastra Drama: Telaah atas 'Opera Kecoa' karya Riantiarno dan 'Perahu Retak' karya Emha Ainun Najib (Resistance Efforts towards the Repressive Regime: Study on Riantiarno’s ‘Opera Kecoa’ and Emha Ainun Najib’s ‘Perahu Retak’)

Abstract

Tulisan ini ingin membuktikan bagaimana upaya perlawanan terhadap penguasa disampaikan melalui karya sastra. Penganalisisan berfokus pada  peristiwa, adegan, kalimat, dan ungkapan yang mengindikasikan upaya resistensi. Drama yang dijadikan sumber data adalah Opera Kecoa (1985) karya Riantiarno dan Perahu Retak (1992) karya Emha Ainun Najib.  Kedua drama tersebut diterbitkan pada zaman pemerintahan Orde Baru yang pada saat itu membatasi kebebasan berbicara dan berpendapat. Resistensi atau perlawanan terhadap struktur yang mapan ini banyak dilakukan para sastrawan. Upaya ini merupakan bagian dari penyadaran bahwa sebenarnya kita sedang diopresi tanpa disadari. Kritik sosial yang disampaikan dalam drama --juga bentuk-bentuk kesenian-- tentu tidak gamblang karena pengarang sadar akan situasi pemerintahan. Dengan demikian, sistem komunikasi diubah sedemikian rupa agar maksud sampai pada penonton atau pembaca. Penyadaran ini juga akan menjadi kontrol terhadap jalannya suatu sistem sosial. Data dalam teks drama akan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan new historicism. Hasil kajian ingin membuktikan bahwa sejarah sebuah bangsa dapat dibaca melalui karya sastra. New Historicism  berkeyakinan bahwa selalu ada kaitan antara teks (sastra) dan sejarah. Pemikiran ini memberi persfektif bahwa “kenyataan sejarah” tidak lagi tunggal dan absolut, tetapi bisa bermacam-macam versi dan sudut pandang. Dalam konteks demikian teks sastra yang merefleksikan sejarah dapat diposisikan sebagai pembacaan sejarah dari versi yang lain. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa selalu ada upaya resisten dengan berbagai cara pada penguasa yang represif.

Kata kunci: resistensi, represif, penguasa, drama

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to show the resistance effort towards the authorities. The analysis focuses on the events, scenes, sentences, and expressions which indicate the resistance efforts. The dramas used as the data in this research are titled Opera Kecoa ‘The Cockroach Opera’ (1985) by Riantiarno and Perahu Retak ‘The Cracked Boat’ (1992) by Emha Ainun Najib. The both of dramas were published during the New Order regime when the freedom of speech and expression were restricted. Resistance towards that established structure was mostly done by authors. This action is kind of effort to make us realized that we were actually being oppressed but did not realize it. The social criticsm delivered through the drama –as well as the form of art—of course, cannot be adequately conveyed because the authors are aware of the situation of the government. Hereafter, the communication system is changed in such a way so that the messages contained in the drama can be understood by the audiences or the readers. This awareness effort also becomes the controller for the implementation of the social system. The data in the drama text is analysed by using new historicism approach. The research results aim to show that the history of a nation can be read through the literary works. New Historicism believes that there is always connection between text (literature) and history. This thought gives perspective that “historical reality” is no longer singular or absolute, but also can be various versions with many points of view. In this context, literary texts which reflected the history can be positioned as a reading on a history from the different versions. The research results show that there are always resistance efforts towards the repressive authority with which the delivery methods are done in various ways.