Covid-19 Patient Transport: A Literature Review
(1) Universitas MUhammadiyah Semarang
(2) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(3) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(4) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) is tremendously affecting health care services worldwide due to the nature of this virus which is highly infectious with a high rate of transmission. Transmission of the COVID-19 virus quickly occurs through close contact, droplet, airborne, and faecal-oral. During the prevention and containment of the pandemic, ambulances play an important role in transporting infectious patients. Health workers working in ambulances are at high risk of contracting the COVID-19 virus considering an ambulance is a small, confined and enclosed compartment. It is necessary to find a safe way of transporting COVID-19 patients by ambulance. Methods This thesis uses a literature review method. By following the PRISMA flow diagram, research journals are gathered from the electronic database Sciencedirect and Pubmed by performing keyword searches. The results are then sorted based on predefined inclusion criteria. Nine original research journals are obtained and reviewed. Results we found a variety of control measures that can be applied in transporting COVID-19 patients safely. These control measures can be categorised using the Control Hierarchy approach which includes elimination, engineering control, administrative control and usage of personal protective equipment (PPE). Conclusion transportation of COVID-19 patients by ambulance can be carried out safely by strictly adhering to the control measures and certain protocols found in this literature review These control measures can be categorised using the Control Hierarchy approach which includes elimination, engineering control, administrative control and usage of personal protective equipment (PPE). Conclusion transportation of COVID-19 patients by ambulance can be carried out safely by strictly adhering to the control measures and certain protocols found in this literature review These control measures can be categorized using the Control Hierarchy approach which includes elimination, engineering control, administrative control and usage of personal protective equipment (PPE). Conclusion transportation of COVID-19 patients by ambulance can be carried out safely by strictly adhering to the control measures and certain protocols found in this literature review.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, Winardi W, Keam S, Te H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. Vol. 13, Journal of Infection and Public Health. Elsevier Ltd; 2020. p. 667–73.
WHO. WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. 2020.
WHO. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. 2020.
Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270–3.
Lv M, Luo X, Estill J, Liu Y, Ren M, Wang J, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A scoping review. Vol. 25, Eurosurveillance. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC); 2020.
WHO. Weekly operational update on COVID-19 - 5 April 2021. 2021. p. 1.
WHO. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. 2021.
Attaway AH, Scheraga RG, Bhimraj A, Biehl M, Hatipoğ Lu U. Severe covid-19 pneumonia: Pathogenesis and clinical management. Vol. 372, The BMJ. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021.
Chen Y, Yang Y, Peng W, Wang H. Influence and Analysis of Ambulance on the Containment of COVID-19 in China. Saf Sci. 2021 Jul;139:105160.
WHO. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions. 2020.
Albrecht R, Knapp J, Theiler L, Eder M, Pietsch U. Transport of COVID-19 and other highly contagious patients by helicopter and fixed-wing air ambulance: A narrative review and experience of the Swiss air rescue Rega. Vol. 28, Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2020. p. 40.
Schwabe D, Kellner B, Henkel D, Pilligrath HJ, Krummer S, Zach S, et al. Long−distance aeromedical transport of patients with covid−19 in fixed−wing air ambulance using a portable isolation unit: Opportunities, limitations and mitigation strategies. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020;12:411–9.
Yang BY, Barnard LM, Emert JM, Drucker C, Schwarcz L, Counts CR, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Receiving Emergency Medical Services in King County, Washington. JAMA Netw open. 2020 Jul;3(7):e2014549.
Ghazali DA, Ouersighni A, Gay M, Audebault V, Pavlovsky T, Casalino E. Feedback to Prepare EMS Teams to Manage Infected Patients with COVID-19: A Case Series. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020 Aug;35(4):451–3.
Murphy DL, Barnard LM, Drucker CJ, Yang BY, Emert JM, Schwarcz L, et al. Occupational exposures and programmatic response to COVID-19 pandemic: An emergency medical services experience. Emerg Med J. 2020 Nov;37(11):707–13.
Spoelder EJ, Tacken MCT, van Geffen GJ, Slagt C. Helicopter transport of critical care COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands: protection against COVID-19 exposure-a challenge to critical care retrieval personnel in a novel operation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Dec;29(1):1–7.
Tsukahara K, Naito H, Nojima T, Yorifuji T, Nakao A. Feasibility study of a portable transparent vinyl chloride shield for use in an ambulance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Care. 2020 Dec;24(1):1–3.
Spangler D, Blomberg H, Smekal D. Prehospital identification of Covid-19: an observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Dec;29(1):1–10.
Tang O, Bigelow BF, Katz MJ. Earlier and widespread screening for SARS-CoV-2 is needed for first responders. Vol. 40, American Journal of Emergency Medicine. W.B. Saunders; 2021. p. 215–6.
CDC. Hierarchy of Controls | NIOSH | CDC. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015.
Ju Y, Chen W, Liu J, Yang A, Shu K, Zhou Y, et al. Effects of centralized isolation vs. home isolation on psychological distress in patients with COVID-19. J Psychosom Res. 2021 Apr;143:110365.
Buick JE, Cheskes S, Feldman M, Verbeek PR, Hillier M, Leong YC, et al. COVID-19: What paramedics need to know! Can J Emerg Med. 2020 Jul;22(4):426–30.
Peddle MB, Smith JA. Hazard control for communicable disease transport at Ornge. Can J Emerg Med. 2020;S79–83.
Jalili M. View of How Should Emergency Medical Services Personnel Protect Themselves and the Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic? Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020. p. 4.
Liew MF, Siow WT, Yau YW, See KC. Safe patient transport for COVID-19. Vol. 24, Critical Care. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2020. p. 1–3.
KKM. Annex 11 : Protocol For Ambulance Transfer For Patient Under Investigation (PUI) or Confirmed COVID-19 Preparation of The Ambulance. 2020.
Yousuf B, Sujatha KS, alfoudri H, Mansurov V. Transport of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Vol. 46, Intensive Care Medicine. Springer; 2020. p. 1663–4.
Hart J, Tracy R, Johnston M, Brown S, Stephenson C, Kegg J, et al. Recommendations for prehospital airway management in patients with suspected COVID-19 infection. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):809–12.
Chin ET, Huynh BQ, Chapman LAC, Murrill M, Basu S, Lo NC. Frequency of Routine Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in High-risk Healthcare Environments to Reduce Outbreaks. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;
Amit S, Regev-Yochay G, Afek A, Kreiss Y, Leshem E. Early rate reductions of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. Vol. 397, The Lancet. Elsevier B.V.; 2021. p. 875–7.
Beusekom M Van. Risk of COVID very low in vaccinated medical workers: study | CIDRAP. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. 2021.
WHO. COVID-19: Occupational health and safety for health workers. 2021.
CDC. Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | CDC. 2020.
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 304 timesPDF - 65 times
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26714/seanr.4.1.2022.28-34
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Siti Aisah aisah, Tri Nurhidayati, Dewi Setyawati, Mohammad Gita Muntoha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
Kedungmundu Raya Street No. 18 Semarang, NRC Building Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
Phone: 02476740287
Fax: 02476740287
Email: [email protected]