Corrections and Retractions

If an error or ethical concern is identified in a published article, the Editor-in-Chief will assess the matter in accordance with the journal’s publication-ethics procedures. The journal may contact the authors and other relevant parties as part of the assessment.

When action is required, the journal may publish a correction, an expression of concern, or a retraction, depending on the nature and seriousness of the issue. The notice will explain the reason for the action and will be linked to the affected article.

A retraction may be considered when published findings are unreliable because of serious error or misconduct, when the article involves plagiarism or redundant publication, or when the research was conducted or reported unethically. The journal will maintain a record of the published article and its correction or retraction notice.